A. Norma verticalis

Parietal foramen transmits an emissary vein from superior sagittal sinus.

B. Norma occipitalis

Mastoid foramen transmits an emissary vein and meningeal branch of occipital artery.

C. Norma frontalis

1. Supraorbital foramen transmits supraorbital nerves and vessels.

2. External nasal nerve emerges between the nasal bone and upper nasal cartilage

3. Infraorbital foramina transmits infraorbital nerve and vessels.

4. Zygomatico facial foramen transmits the nerve of same name.

5. Mental foramen (on mandible) transmits mental nerve and vessels.

D. Norma lateralis

1. Tympanomastoid fissure: Transmits auricular branch of vagus nerve

2. Mastoid foramen transmits an emissary vein connecting the sigmoid sinus with

posterior auricular vein, meningeal branch of occipital artery.

3. Zygomaticotemporal foramen transmits the nerve of same name and a minute artery.

E. Norma basalis

1. Incisive foramen transmits:

    a) Terminal parts of greater palatine vessels from palate to nose.

    b) Terminal part of nasopalatine nerve from nose to palate.

2. Greater palatine foramen transmits:

    Greater palatine vessels, anterior palatine nerve.

3. Lesser palatine foramen transmits middle and posterior palatine nerves.

4. Palatovaginal canal transmits:

a) Pharyngeal branch from pterygopalatine ganglion.

b) Small pharyngeal branch of maxillary artery.

5. Vomerovaginal canal: Branches of pharyngeal nerves and vessels.

6. Foramen ovale: Mandibular nerve and accessory meningeal artery.

7. Foramen spinosum: Middle meningeal artery.

8. Emissary sphenoidal foramen: Transmits an emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with pterygoid plexus of veins.

9. Canalis innominatus: Transmits lesser petrosal nerve.

10. Carotid canal: Transmits internal carotid artery venous and sympathetic plexus around the artery.

11. Foramen lacerum: Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery and an emissary vein from cavernous sinus, Internal carotid artery with venous and sympathetic plexus around it. In the upper part of foramen, the greater petrosal nerve unites with the deep petrosal nerve to form nerve of pterygoid canal.

12. Petrotympanic fissure: Transmits the chorda tympanic nerve and anterior tympanic artery.

13. Foramen magnum transmits:

 a) Through wider posterior part

- Lower part of medulla

- Tonsils of cerebellum max

- Meninges

b) Through subarachnoid space

-Spinal accessory nerve.

-Vertebral arteries.

-Sympathetic plexus around the vertebral arteries

-Anterior and posterior spinal arteries

c) Through narrow anterior part

-Apical ligament of dens

-Membrana tectoria

14. Hypoglossal canal (HAEM): (Anterior condylar) canal transmits the hypoglossal nerve, meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery, emissary vein connecting sigmoid sinus with the internal jugular, meningeal branch of hypoglossal nerve.

15. Posterior condylar canal: Transmits an emissary vein connecting the sigmoid sinus with sub-occipital venous plexus.

16. Jugular foramen:

a) Through anterior part:

- Inferior petrosal sinus

- Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery.

b) Through Middle part: 9th, 10th, 11th cranial nerves.

c) Through posterior part:

- Internal jugular vein

- Meningeal branch of occipital artery

17. Mastoid canaliculus: Transmits auricular branch of vagus nerve.

18.Tympanic canaliculus: Transmits tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to middle ear.

19. Stylomastoid foramen: Facial nerve

20. Foramen caecum: Blind in nature

21. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals.

22. Optic canal transmits optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.

23. Superior orbital fissure transmits:

    a) Lateral part: Lacrimal, frontal and trochlear nerve, superior ophthalmic vein, meningeal branch of lacrimal artery anastomosing branch of middle meningeal artery.

    b) Middle part: Upper and lower divisions of oculomotor nerve with nasociliary nerve in between, abducens nerve.

    c) Medial part: Inferior ophthalmic vein, sympathetic nerves from the plexus around Internal carotid artery.

24. Foramen rotundum: maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (V2), artery of foramen rotundum, and emissary veins

25. Internal acoustic meatus: Transmits the 7th and 8th cranial nerves and labyrinthine vessels.

F. Orbit

1. Superior orbital fissure described above.

2. Inferior orbital fissure transmits the zygomatic nerve, orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion, infraorbital vessels, communication between the inferior ophthalmic vein and pterygoid plexus of vein.

3. Infraorbital groove and canal transmit the corresponding nerve and vessels,

4. Zygomatic foramen transmits the zygomatic nerve.

Worman (sutural) bones are small irregular bones found in the region of fontanelles.